Ukraine’s Scientific Independence

Ukraine's scientific independence in 1991 was built on a rich Soviet-era legacy rather than starting from scratch, producing figures such as welding pioneer Borys Paton and Fields Medal winner Maryna Viazovska. Since then, the country has developed strengths in materials science, pharmaceuticals and radiation-detection technology, while deepening ties with European research networks. Despite severe damage from Russia's full-scale invasion, Ukraine's scientific community retains the creative,…