The Arctic and sub-Arctic are places where communities already live, produce knowledge and self-govern. Yet recent geopolitical and economic involvement are bringing renewed interest in the region. Since the 1990s, research output about the Arctic has doubled, with approximately 11,000 Arctic-focused publications now produced annually. Global Arctic funding likely exceeds US$1 billion each year, based on summing expenditures reported by the United States, Canada, and Nordic and European countrie