Missiles below, mountains ahead: How the IAF had to improvise in the middle of war

The Indian Air Force conducted a unique high-altitude air-to-ground campaign during the 1999 Kargil conflict. Fighter pilots faced unprecedented challenges fighting at altitudes of 14-18,000 feet. Early losses prompted tactical changes and accelerated the integration of precision-guided munitions. The conflict highlighted India's need for indigenous navigation technology and satellite systems. Lessons learned from Kargil continue to shape India's military innovation and preparedness.