An article comparing jury independence and equity across jurisdictions, using the historical 1670 trial of William Penn at the Old Bailey as a case study of jury courage in defying judicial direction.

South China Morning Post

In the Grand Hall of London’s Central Criminal Court, ubiquitously known as the Old Bailey, lies a plaque commemorating the courage of the jury in the 1670 trial of William Penn.
Penn – who would later found the US state of Pennsylvania – and his co-accused were Quakers, charged with contravening the Conventicle Act 1664, which banned religious gatherings other than those of the Church of England.
The Recorder of London, presiding at Penn’s trial, directed the jury to convict. The jury refused..